北京吉奥众艺科技有限公司
卓越来自创新 精彩始于吉奥

中文版    English

首页 公司动态 产品中心 资料总汇 产品文献 关于吉奥 产品询问
·产品栏目
·合作伙伴
Febit
SignosisLog
NorgenLogo
DRmaischLogo
RayBiotechLogo
GeneticSignatureLogo
Panagene
ZyGem
Biomatrica
Solis
 
 
  Genoson.Com 肽核酸合成服务 peptide nucleic acid (PNA)

1.介绍
2.合成
3.常识
4.PNA设计
5.应用
6.订购


1.介绍 PNA
肽核酸(PNA, peptide nucleic acid)是一种全新的DNA类似物,于1991年由Dr.Nielsen, Dr.Egholm,Dr.Berg,和Dr.Buchardt发明。该分子的特点是以中性的肽链酰胺2-氨基乙基甘氨酸键取代了DNA中的戊糖磷酸二酯键骨架,其余的与DNA相同。PNA可以通过Watson-Crick碱基配对的形式识别并结合DNA或RNA序列,形成稳定的双螺旋结构。由于PNA不带负电荷,与DNA和RNA之间不存在静电斥力,因而结合的稳定性和特异性都大为提高;不同于DNA或DNA、RNA间的杂交,PNA与DNA或RNA的杂交几乎不受杂交体系盐浓度影响,与DNA或RNA分子的杂交能力远优于DNA/DNA或DNA/RNA,表现在很高的杂交稳定性、优良的特异序列识别能力、不被核酸酶和蛋白酶水解。

 

 


2.合成

作为世界上唯一一家专注于PNA合成服务的公司,Panagene采用专利技术生产的单体Bts PNA monomers为原料 (Bts ; benzothiazole-2-sulfonyl group),以及世界领先的多肽聚合专利技术。和其他公司采用的合成方法,例如Boc-或Fmoc-方法相比,Panagene公司的Bts技术的优点有:

  • 合成简单
  • 合成费用低
  • 产量高
  • 纯度高

Bts和其他单体相比,其优点有:

 

Panagene PNA
(Bts单体)

Other PNA
(Fmoc单体)

单体价格(Cost of monomer production)

大规模单体合成(Large scale synthesis of monomers)

-

单体溶解度(Solubility of monomers)

一般

单体的稳定性能(Stability of monomers in solution)

寡聚体合成费用(Cost of oligomer synthesis)

寡聚体合成溶剂(Solvent for oligomer synthesis (Anhydrous requirement))

不需要DMF

必须使用NMP

聚合试剂(Coupling reagent)

HATU

单体是否需要预先活化(Pre-activation of monomers)

去保护时转酰基作用
(Transacylation during deprotection)

+

++++++

单体和转酰基反应后产物的反应
(Reactivity of monomer with transacylated product)

单体是否可以重复使用(Reuse of monomers)

不能

请点击这里了解详细的合成方法(文件一文件二

3.PNA常识

溶解性(Solubility)。PNA通常很容易在水中溶解(可达几百uM)。但是一些特殊的序列或者经过修饰的PNA,会出现溶解性降低的现象。此时需要参照以下的方法:

  • 在60°C中加热大约10分钟。
  • 加入0.1% TFA或者10-20%的acetonitrile,或者其他的有机溶剂,例如(DMF,NMP等)。

保存(Storage)。虽然PNA在常温下非常稳定,但是我们还是建议将PNA在4°C中保存。

  • 100nmol的PNA一般很容易在1-2毫升的水中溶解。
  • 我们建议分装一下。每个分装后的PNA可以在每次使用前稀释在适当的缓冲液中。
  • 如果需要在零下20度长时间保存的话,请将PNA冻干保存。
  • 也可以将PNA溶解后在零下20度长期保存,而不会对PNA的效用有任何的影响。这种方法特别适用于嘌呤含量高的短PNA。
  • 我们建议用聚丙烯或者聚乙烯的试管来保存PNA,而不是使用玻璃或者聚苯乙烯的管子。

缓冲液选择

  • 用于DNA。PNA/DNA杂交体的Tm和离子强度没有关系,因此,即使在较低的离子浓度下,PNA也可以非常有效地结合到DNA。
  • 如果用于RNA,低盐条件会有助于RNA三级结构变性,从而使得PNA更容易和RNA杂交。

PNA和DNA的比较

  PNA DNA
与DNA杂交的亲和性  At least 1 ℃ higher per base -
与DNA杂交速度  100 - 5000 times faster -
杂交时对盐浓度的要求  Independent Dependent
 每个错配碱基的Tm  Lowering 15℃ Lowering 10℃
 化学稳定性  Stable Unstable or moderate
 生物稳定性  Stable to nuclease and protease Degradation by nuclease
 温度稳定性  Good Moderate
 水中稳定性  Restricted solubility enhanced by use of appropriate linkers Soluble
诊断目的用途的探针长度  13 - 18 bases 20-30 bases

4.PNA设计

请遵循以下原则来设计PNA片段:

  • 结合特性。虽然从理论上讲,PNA可以从两个方向来和目的片段形成杂交体,但实际上,最常见的是反向结合( anti-parallel orientation)。PNA的N末端相当于寡核苷酸的5’端,因此也经常被称为PNA的5’端。和普通的DNA/DNA杂交体相比较,PNA/DNA具有较高的Tm值。一般而言,在100mM NaCl的条件下,每个碱基对的Tm值会升高大约1°C。
  • 长度。由于PNA具有很高的亲和力(higher affinity),因此不需要设计很长的序列,一般而言12-18个已经足以满足需要,这和其他常规25-40个寡核苷酸探针有着巨大的区别。我们必须要记得,序列越短,则其特异性就越高。对PNA而言,有时更短的序列也会达到预期的效果。反而长的PNA会发生聚集沉淀(aggregate),而影响下游的纯化和分析。
  • 嘌呤含量。嘌呤含量高的PNA,特别是鸟嘌呤G,也容易发生聚集沉淀(aggregate)。所以,在任何10个连续的PNA单体中,不要有7个或者更多的嘌呤出现。因此,从这意义上讲,越短的PNA序列,那么就越不需要担心设计上出现问题。
  • 自身互补。尽量来防止自身互补(Self-complementarity)的发生。在序列设计上,避免反向重复(inverse repeats),发夹结构(hairpin forming),和回文序列(palindromic sequences)。

欲了解更多PNA文献,请点击这里

欲了解更过PNA合成和终产物问题,请点击这里

欲了解PNA的连接序列(Linker),间隔序列(Spacer),以及其他修饰,请点击这里

 

5.应用 鉴于上述诸多DNA分子不具备的优点,近十年来,人们为其在许多高技术领域找到了用途。

其主要应用有:

  1. miRNA抑制剂(miRNA inhibitor) 请点击这里,了解更多抑制剂信息
    1. Fabani MM et al. 2008. miR-122 targeting with LNA/2’-O-methyl oligonucleotide mixmers, peptide nucleic acids (PNA), and PNA-peptide conjugates. RNA 14(2), 336-346.
    2. Mack GS. 2007. MicroRNA gets down to business. Nat Biotechnol. 25(6), 631-8. Review.
    3. Dalmay T. 2008. MicroRNAs and cancer. J Intern Med. 263(4), 366-75.
    4. Hammond SM. et al. 2006. MicroRNAs as oncogenes. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 16(1), 4-9. Review.
  2. 反义药物研究和治疗领域
    1. Jens Kurreck, 2003. Antisense technologies; Improvement through novel chemical modifications. Eur. J. Biochem. 270, 1628-1644.
    2. Uffe Koppelhus et al. Cellular delivery of peptide nucleic acid (PNA). Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 55, 267-280.
  3. 分子生物和功能基因组学的工具

例如Northern/Southern blot:

  1. Nielsen PE et al. 1999. An introduction to peptide nucleic acid. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 1, 89-104.
  2. Perry-O’Keefe et al. 1996. Peptide nucleic acid pre-gel hybridization: an alternative to Southern hybridization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14670-14675.
  3. Adriana Tovar-Salazar et al. 2007. Preparation of radioiodinated peptide nucleic acids with high specific activity. Analytical Biochemistry 360, 92-98.

PCR clamping:

  1. Henrik Ørum. 1999. PCR Clamping; Peptide nucleic acids (protocols and Applications). Horizon Scientific Press. 193-200.
  2. Henrik Ørum et al. 1993. Single base pair mutation analysis by PNA directed PCR clamping. Nucleic Acids Res. 21, 5332-5336.

Enhanced PCR amplification:

  1. Demers DB et al. 1995. Enhanced PCR amplification of VNTR locus D1S80 using peptide nucleic acid (PNA). Nucleic Acids Res.23, 3050-3055.

Artificial restriction enzyme systems:

  1. Demidov V. et al. 1993. Sequence specific double strand DNA cleavage by peptide nucleic acid (PNA) targeting using nuclease S1.Nucleic Acids Res. 21, 2103-2107.
  2. Kuhn Heiko et al. 2003. Artificial Site-Specific DNA-Nicking System Based on Common Restriction Enzymes Assisted by PNA Openers. Biochemistry 42, 4985-4992.

PNA-assisted rare cleavage:

  1. Alexei G. Veselkov et al. 1996. PNA as a rare genome-cutter. Nature 379, 214.
  2. Alexei G. Veselkov et al. 1996. A new class of genome rare cutters. Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 2483-2488.

DNA purification:

  1. Henrik Ørum et al. 1995. Sequence specific purification of nucleic acids by PNA-controlled hybrid selection. Biotechniques 19, 472-479.
  2. Seeger C et al. 1997. PNA-mediated purification of PCR amplifiable human genomic DNA from whole blood. Biotechniques 23, 512-517.
  3. Darrell P. et al. 2000. Affinity Purification of DNA and RNA from Environmental Samples with Peptide Nucleic Acid Clamps. Applied and Environmental Microbilogy 66(8), 3438-3445
  1. 诊断用分子探针

测定telomere的FISH探针:

  1. Kentaro Taemura et al. 2005. Dynamic rearrangement of telomeres during spermatogenesis in mice. Developmental Biology 281, 196-207.
  2. Won-Woo Lee et al. 2002. Age-related telomere length dynamics in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy cynomolgus monkeys measured by Flow FISH. Immunology 105, 458-465.
  3. Heather Perry. et al. 2001. Identification of indicator microorganisms using a standardized PNA FISH method. Journal of Microbiological Methods 47, 281-292.
  4. Caifu Chen et al. 1999. Single base discrimination of CENP-B repeats on mouse and human chromosomes with PNA-FISH. Mammalian Genome 10, 13-18.
  5. M. Hultdin et al. 1998. Telomere analysis by flourescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry. Nucleic Acids Research 26(16), 3651-3656.
  6. Peter M. Landsdorp et al. 1996. Heterogeneity in telomere length of human chromosomes. Human Molecular Genetics 5(5), 685-691.

Lightup探针:

  1. Svanvik N et al. 2000. Light-up probes: thiazole orange-conjugated peptide nucleic acid for detection of target nucleic acid in homogeneous solution. Anal. Biochem. 281, 26 -35.
  2. Svanvik N et al. 2000. Detection of PCR products in real-time using light-up probes. Anal. Biochem. 287, 179-82.

SNP鉴定探针:

  1. Petersen KA. et al. 2004. Short PNA molecular beacons for real-time PCR allelic discrimination of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Mololecular and Cellular Probes 18, 117-122.
  2. Ren B. et al. 2004. High-throughput SNP genotyping by combining exonuclease III, nuclease S1, and acridine-bearing PNA. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf) 48, 183-4.
  3. Ye S. et al. 2002. Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms by the combination of nuclease S1 and PNA. Nucleic Acids Res Suppl. 2, 235-6.
  4. Rockenbauer E. et al. 2005. SNP Genotyping Using Microsphere-Linked PNA and Flow Cytometric Detection. Cytometry A 64(2),80-86.

Microarray探针:

  1. Liu ZC. et al. 2007. Light-directed synthesis of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) chips. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 22, 2891-2897.
  2. Raymond FR et al. 2005. Detection of target DNA using fluorescent cationic polymer and peptide nucleic acid probes on solid support. BMC Biotechnol. 5:10.
  3. Brandt O. et al. 2003. PNA microarrays for hybridization of unlabelled DNA samples. Nucleic Acids Res. 31(19), e119.
  4. Liu CG et al. 2004. An oligonucleotide microchip for genome-wide microRNA profiling in human and mouse tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101(26), 9740-9744.

Nucleic acid biosensor探针:

  1. Wang J. et al. 1998. DNA biosensors based on Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) recognition layers.A review. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 13, 757-762.
  2. Ray A et al. 2000. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA): its medical and biotechnical applications and promise for the future. The FASEB Journal 14, 1041-1060.
  3. Demidov V. et al. 2003. PNA and LNA throw light on DNA. Trends in Biotechnology 21(1), 4-7.

6.订购  请和吉奥联系来探讨具体的合作事宜。  

返回

版权所有 © 2007-2009 北京吉奥众艺科技有限公司
京ICP备:09054458号