1.介绍
2.合成
3.常识
4.PNA设计
5.应用
6.订购
1.介绍 
肽核酸(PNA, peptide nucleic acid)是一种全新的DNA类似物,于1991年由Dr.Nielsen, Dr.Egholm,Dr.Berg,和Dr.Buchardt发明。该分子的特点是以中性的肽链酰胺2-氨基乙基甘氨酸键取代了DNA中的戊糖磷酸二酯键骨架,其余的与DNA相同。PNA可以通过Watson-Crick碱基配对的形式识别并结合DNA或RNA序列,形成稳定的双螺旋结构。由于PNA不带负电荷,与DNA和RNA之间不存在静电斥力,因而结合的稳定性和特异性都大为提高;不同于DNA或DNA、RNA间的杂交,PNA与DNA或RNA的杂交几乎不受杂交体系盐浓度影响,与DNA或RNA分子的杂交能力远优于DNA/DNA或DNA/RNA,表现在很高的杂交稳定性、优良的特异序列识别能力、不被核酸酶和蛋白酶水解。
2.合成
作为世界上唯一一家专注于PNA合成服务的公司,Panagene采用专利技术生产的单体Bts PNA monomers为原料 (Bts ; benzothiazole-2-sulfonyl group),以及世界领先的多肽聚合专利技术。和其他公司采用的合成方法,例如Boc-或Fmoc-方法相比,Panagene公司的Bts技术的优点有:
Bts和其他单体相比,其优点有:
|
Panagene PNA
(Bts单体) |
Other PNA
(Fmoc单体) |
单体价格(Cost of monomer production) |
低 |
高 |
大规模单体合成(Large scale synthesis of monomers) |
好 |
- |
单体溶解度(Solubility of monomers) |
好 |
一般 |
单体的稳定性能(Stability of monomers in solution) |
好 |
差 |
寡聚体合成费用(Cost of oligomer synthesis) |
低 |
高 |
寡聚体合成溶剂(Solvent for oligomer synthesis (Anhydrous requirement)) |
不需要DMF
|
必须使用NMP
|
聚合试剂(Coupling reagent) |
无 |
HATU |
单体是否需要预先活化(Pre-activation of monomers) |
不 |
是 |
去保护时转酰基作用
(Transacylation during deprotection) |
+ |
++++++ |
单体和转酰基反应后产物的反应
(Reactivity of monomer with transacylated product) |
少 |
多 |
单体是否可以重复使用(Reuse of monomers) |
是 |
不能 |
请点击这里了解详细的合成方法(文件一, 文件二)
3.PNA常识
溶解性(Solubility)。PNA通常很容易在水中溶解(可达几百uM)。但是一些特殊的序列或者经过修饰的PNA,会出现溶解性降低的现象。此时需要参照以下的方法:
- 在60°C中加热大约10分钟。
- 加入0.1% TFA或者10-20%的acetonitrile,或者其他的有机溶剂,例如(DMF,NMP等)。
保存(Storage)。虽然PNA在常温下非常稳定,但是我们还是建议将PNA在4°C中保存。
- 100nmol的PNA一般很容易在1-2毫升的水中溶解。
- 我们建议分装一下。每个分装后的PNA可以在每次使用前稀释在适当的缓冲液中。
- 如果需要在零下20度长时间保存的话,请将PNA冻干保存。
- 也可以将PNA溶解后在零下20度长期保存,而不会对PNA的效用有任何的影响。这种方法特别适用于嘌呤含量高的短PNA。
- 我们建议用聚丙烯或者聚乙烯的试管来保存PNA,而不是使用玻璃或者聚苯乙烯的管子。
缓冲液选择
- 用于DNA。PNA/DNA杂交体的Tm和离子强度没有关系,因此,即使在较低的离子浓度下,PNA也可以非常有效地结合到DNA。
- 如果用于RNA,低盐条件会有助于RNA三级结构变性,从而使得PNA更容易和RNA杂交。
PNA和DNA的比较
| |
PNA |
DNA |
| 与DNA杂交的亲和性 |
At least 1 ℃ higher per base |
- |
| 与DNA杂交速度 |
100 - 5000 times faster |
- |
| 杂交时对盐浓度的要求 |
Independent |
Dependent |
| 每个错配碱基的Tm |
Lowering 15℃ |
Lowering 10℃ |
| 化学稳定性 |
Stable |
Unstable or moderate |
| 生物稳定性 |
Stable to nuclease and protease |
Degradation by nuclease |
| 温度稳定性 |
Good |
Moderate |
| 水中稳定性 |
Restricted solubility enhanced by use of appropriate linkers |
Soluble |
| 诊断目的用途的探针长度 |
13 - 18 bases |
20-30 bases |
4.PNA设计
请遵循以下原则来设计PNA片段:
- 结合特性。虽然从理论上讲,PNA可以从两个方向来和目的片段形成杂交体,但实际上,最常见的是反向结合( anti-parallel orientation)。PNA的N末端相当于寡核苷酸的5’端,因此也经常被称为PNA的5’端。和普通的DNA/DNA杂交体相比较,PNA/DNA具有较高的Tm值。一般而言,在100mM NaCl的条件下,每个碱基对的Tm值会升高大约1°C。
- 长度。由于PNA具有很高的亲和力(higher affinity),因此不需要设计很长的序列,一般而言12-18个已经足以满足需要,这和其他常规25-40个寡核苷酸探针有着巨大的区别。我们必须要记得,序列越短,则其特异性就越高。对PNA而言,有时更短的序列也会达到预期的效果。反而长的PNA会发生聚集沉淀(aggregate),而影响下游的纯化和分析。
- 嘌呤含量。嘌呤含量高的PNA,特别是鸟嘌呤G,也容易发生聚集沉淀(aggregate)。所以,在任何10个连续的PNA单体中,不要有7个或者更多的嘌呤出现。因此,从这意义上讲,越短的PNA序列,那么就越不需要担心设计上出现问题。
- 自身互补。尽量来防止自身互补(Self-complementarity)的发生。在序列设计上,避免反向重复(inverse repeats),发夹结构(hairpin forming),和回文序列(palindromic sequences)。
欲了解更多PNA文献,请点击这里
欲了解更过PNA合成和终产物问题,请点击这里
欲了解PNA的连接序列(Linker),间隔序列(Spacer),以及其他修饰,请点击这里
5.应用 鉴于上述诸多DNA分子不具备的优点,近十年来,人们为其在许多高技术领域找到了用途。
其主要应用有:
- miRNA抑制剂(miRNA inhibitor) (请点击这里,了解更多抑制剂信息)
- Fabani MM et al. 2008. miR-122 targeting with LNA/2’-O-methyl oligonucleotide mixmers, peptide nucleic acids (PNA), and PNA-peptide conjugates. RNA 14(2), 336-346.
- Mack GS. 2007. MicroRNA gets down to business. Nat Biotechnol. 25(6), 631-8. Review.
- Dalmay T. 2008. MicroRNAs and cancer. J Intern Med. 263(4), 366-75.
- Hammond SM. et al. 2006. MicroRNAs as oncogenes. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 16(1), 4-9.
Review.
- 反义药物研究和治疗领域
- Jens Kurreck, 2003. Antisense technologies; Improvement through novel chemical modifications. Eur. J. Biochem. 270, 1628-1644.
- Uffe Koppelhus et al. Cellular delivery of peptide nucleic acid (PNA). Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 55, 267-280.
- 分子生物和功能基因组学的工具
例如Northern/Southern blot:
- Nielsen PE et al. 1999. An introduction to peptide nucleic acid. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 1, 89-104.
- Perry-O’Keefe et al. 1996. Peptide nucleic acid pre-gel hybridization: an alternative to Southern hybridization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14670-14675.
- Adriana Tovar-Salazar et al. 2007. Preparation of radioiodinated peptide nucleic acids with high specific activity. Analytical Biochemistry 360, 92-98.
PCR clamping:
- Henrik Ørum. 1999. PCR Clamping; Peptide nucleic acids (protocols and Applications). Horizon Scientific Press. 193-200.
- Henrik Ørum et al. 1993. Single base pair mutation analysis by PNA directed PCR clamping. Nucleic Acids Res. 21, 5332-5336.
Enhanced PCR amplification:
- Demers DB et al. 1995. Enhanced PCR amplification of VNTR locus D1S80 using peptide nucleic acid (PNA). Nucleic Acids Res.23, 3050-3055.
Artificial restriction enzyme systems:
- Demidov V. et al. 1993. Sequence specific double strand DNA cleavage by peptide nucleic acid (PNA) targeting using nuclease S1.Nucleic Acids Res. 21, 2103-2107.
- Kuhn Heiko et al. 2003. Artificial Site-Specific DNA-Nicking System Based on Common Restriction Enzymes Assisted by PNA Openers. Biochemistry 42, 4985-4992.
PNA-assisted rare cleavage:
- Alexei G. Veselkov et al. 1996. PNA as a rare genome-cutter. Nature 379, 214.
- Alexei G. Veselkov et al. 1996. A new class of genome rare cutters. Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 2483-2488.
DNA purification:
- Henrik Ørum et al. 1995. Sequence specific purification of nucleic acids by PNA-controlled hybrid selection. Biotechniques 19, 472-479.
- Seeger C et al. 1997. PNA-mediated purification of PCR amplifiable human genomic DNA from whole blood. Biotechniques 23, 512-517.
- Darrell P. et al. 2000. Affinity Purification of DNA and RNA from Environmental Samples with Peptide Nucleic Acid Clamps. Applied and Environmental Microbilogy 66(8), 3438-3445
- 诊断用分子探针
测定telomere的FISH探针:
- Kentaro Taemura et al. 2005. Dynamic rearrangement of telomeres during spermatogenesis in mice. Developmental Biology 281, 196-207.
- Won-Woo Lee et al. 2002. Age-related telomere length dynamics in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy cynomolgus monkeys measured by Flow FISH. Immunology 105, 458-465.
- Heather Perry. et al. 2001. Identification of indicator microorganisms using a standardized PNA FISH method. Journal of Microbiological Methods 47, 281-292.
- Caifu Chen et al. 1999. Single base discrimination of CENP-B repeats on mouse and human chromosomes with PNA-FISH. Mammalian Genome 10, 13-18.
- M. Hultdin et al. 1998. Telomere analysis by flourescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry. Nucleic Acids Research 26(16), 3651-3656.
- Peter M. Landsdorp et al. 1996. Heterogeneity in telomere length of human chromosomes. Human Molecular Genetics 5(5), 685-691.
Lightup探针:
- Svanvik N et al. 2000. Light-up probes: thiazole orange-conjugated peptide nucleic acid for detection of target nucleic acid in homogeneous solution. Anal. Biochem. 281, 26 -35.
- Svanvik N et al. 2000. Detection of PCR products in real-time using light-up probes. Anal. Biochem. 287, 179-82.
SNP鉴定探针:
- Petersen KA. et al. 2004. Short PNA molecular beacons for real-time PCR allelic discrimination of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Mololecular and Cellular Probes 18, 117-122.
- Ren B. et al. 2004. High-throughput SNP genotyping by combining exonuclease III, nuclease S1, and acridine-bearing PNA. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf) 48, 183-4.
- Ye S. et al. 2002. Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms by the combination of nuclease S1 and PNA. Nucleic Acids Res Suppl. 2, 235-6.
- Rockenbauer E. et al. 2005. SNP Genotyping Using Microsphere-Linked PNA and Flow Cytometric Detection. Cytometry A 64(2),80-86.
Microarray探针:
- Liu ZC. et al. 2007. Light-directed synthesis of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) chips. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 22, 2891-2897.
- Raymond FR et al. 2005. Detection of target DNA using fluorescent cationic polymer and peptide nucleic acid probes on solid support. BMC Biotechnol. 5:10.
- Brandt O. et al. 2003. PNA microarrays for hybridization of unlabelled DNA samples. Nucleic Acids Res. 31(19), e119.
- Liu CG et al. 2004. An oligonucleotide microchip for genome-wide microRNA profiling in human and mouse tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101(26), 9740-9744.
Nucleic acid biosensor探针:
- Wang J. et al. 1998. DNA biosensors based on Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) recognition layers.A review. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 13, 757-762.
- Ray A et al. 2000. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA): its medical and biotechnical applications and promise for the future. The FASEB Journal 14, 1041-1060.
- Demidov V. et al. 2003. PNA and LNA throw light on DNA. Trends in Biotechnology 21(1), 4-7.
6.订购 请和吉奥联系来探讨具体的合作事宜。
返回
|
|
|
|